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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about Linux-based operating systems, GNU/Linux, and related topics. See Linux kernel for the kernel itself.

In 1983, Richard Stallman founded the GNU project, which today provides an essential part of most Linux systems (see also GNU/Linux, below). The goal of GNU was to develop a complete Unix-like operating system composed entirely of free software. By the beginning of the 1990s, GNU had produced all of the necessary components of this system—libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix-like shell, and other software—except for the lowest level, the kernel. The GNU project began developing their own kernel, the Hurd, in 1990 (after an abandoned attempt called Trix). According to Thomas Bushnell, the initial Hurd architect, they had initially hoped to adapt the BSD 4.4-Lite kernel, and that, "It is now perfectly obvious to me that this would have succeeded splendidly and the world would be a very different place today" [1]. However, due to a lack of cooperation from the Berkeley programmers, Stallman decided instead to use the Mach microkernel, which subsequently proved unexpectedly difficult and the Hurd development proceeded slowly.